Gasoline prices in international context
- Electricity cost to households — what households actually pay for power.
- Housing cost burden — the share of household income going to housing.
- Food bank use — food insecurity and reliance on food banks.
- GDP per capita growth — living-standard growth and the denominator problem.
- Currency strength — the Canadian dollar against its G7 peers.
This page follows that question: first across seven oil-producing democracies, with Canada shown province by province, then into what a litre of gasoline is made of, with a tool to break down any price in any province.
Seven oil-producing democracies, plotted three ways. Canada appears by province, with British Columbia split into its three fuel-tax regions and Quebec into Greater Montreal and the rest of the province. The dashed line marks the national average. The views are: the price paid at the pump, that price split into its before-tax cost and its tax in dollar terms, and tax as a share of the price. Toggle between the views below. On the price view, a checkbox adds six top-ten producers that are not democracies, where the same policy lever runs in reverse: subsidy below the market price instead of tax above it. One definitional note: “producer” means top-tier gross production, not net-export status. Australia is a heavy net importer of refined fuel, and the US, a net exporter of total petroleum since 2020, still imports crude. Net trade position doesn't change the pump-price logic: crude and wholesale gasoline are world-priced either way.
Each country's most-common grade. National averages, GlobalPetrolPrices / AAA; Canada by province and region from the Kalibrate daily pump price survey, funded by the Government of Canada and published by Natural Resources Canada.
A litre of gasoline in Canada is built from five things: the crude oil itself (a world price, the same barrel every country buys), the refining and marketing margins earned turning that crude into fuel and selling it, an embedded carbon-policy cost (regulations like the federal Clean Fuel Regulations that bind fuel suppliers, whose compliance cost passes through inside the wholesale price, shown striped because it is an estimate), and two kinds of tax. Fixed fuel taxes are federal excise plus a provincial fuel tax, charged as set cents per litre. Sales tax (GST, HST, or Quebec's QST) is charged as a percentage of the whole price, so it is levied partly on the other taxes. A tax on tax.
Because crude is priced globally in US dollars, the crude portion rises and falls with world events. That is why the 2026 Strait-of-Hormuz disruption shows up directly at Canadian pumps. The tax and policy portions, by contrast, are set by Canadian governments. The chart shows the national split on 14 October 2026; the calculator below lets you test any price and region. In Quebec and BC, provincial carbon schemes add to the embedded slice.
185.4¢/L, Canada volume-weighted average, 14 October 2026 (Kalibrate daily pump price survey, funded by the Government of Canada and published by Natural Resources Canada). Taxes (30.6¢) and the marketing margin (12.1¢) are for 14 October. The refining margin (57.3¢) is the previous weekday's, as the survey publishes it. Crude is the remainder, 85.4¢. Dan McTeague's independent mid-October estimate is about 82¢. The Clean Fuel Regulations slice is an estimate carved out of the refining margin. Choose either end of its 7–18¢ range.
Try it: how much of your pump price is tax, and how much is policy?
Enter a price and choose a province or region. Fixed fuel taxes and sales-tax rates are the rates in force in October 2026. Embedded carbon-policy costs (Clean Fuel Regulations everywhere, cap-and-trade in Quebec, and the Low Carbon Fuel Standard in BC) are carved out of the non-tax remainder. They are regulations rather than taxes, so they are shown as a separate striped segment. Crude is held at 85.4¢/L, its share of the national average on 14 October. Refining and marketing is what remains.
| Component | Cents / litre | Share of pump price |
|---|---|---|
| Total statutory tax | ||
| Total incl. embedded carbon policies (est.) |
Fixed fuel-tax rates include the 10¢/L federal excise and are the rates in force in October 2026: Ontario 9.0¢ (2026 Ontario Budget). BC 14.5¢ outside the transit regions, 27.0¢ in Metro Vancouver (incl. 18.5¢ TransLink), and 20.0¢ in Greater Victoria (incl. 5.5¢ BC Transit), per the BC Ministry of Finance. Quebec 19.2¢, plus the 3¢ ARTM transit tax in Greater Montreal. Saskatchewan 15.0¢, Nova Scotia 15.5¢, Manitoba 12.5¢, New Brunswick 10.87¢, and Newfoundland and Labrador 7.5¢. Alberta's 13¢ is suspended from 1 October 2026 and PEI's 8.47¢ from 26 September 2026 to 31 January 2027. The relief box removes both with the federal excise. Quebec charges reduced rates in some regions, so "Quebec, rest" overstates tax in those areas. Every rate above matches the tax implied by the Kalibrate daily pump price survey, funded by the Government of Canada and published by Natural Resources Canada for 14 October 2026, except Quebec outside Greater Montreal, where the survey average implies 16.8¢ because of those regional reductions. Sales tax: GST 5% (AB, BC, MB, SK), HST 13% (ON), 14% (NS), 15% (NB, NL, PE). Quebec GST 5% + QST 9.975% = 14.975%, since QST is charged on the price before GST (Revenu Québec). Embedded carbon-policy rates (striped segment, estimates): Clean Fuel Regulations 7¢/L (PBO 2026 upper bound) to 18¢/L (Dan McTeague, October 2026, 10% ethanol), chosen with the CFR control. Quebec cap-and-trade ~10¢/L. BC Low Carbon Fuel Standard ~18¢/L (Canadian Taxpayers Federation, upper end). The federal industrial carbon price (OBPS) also reaches refineries but has no published per-litre pass-through, so it is not shown (see methodology). Crude fixed at 85.4¢/L (14 October national remainder). Refining & marketing is the residual.
Carbon costs built into the price
The consumer carbon charge ended in April 2025. Three carbon policies still reach the pump. They bind fuel suppliers, so the cost sits inside the wholesale price and never appears on a receipt.
| Policy | Applies in | ¢/L |
|---|---|---|
| Clean Fuel RegulationsFederal, in force since July 2023. Low end: the Parliamentary Budget Officer's 2026 upper-bound estimate. High end: gas-price analyst Dan McTeague, October 2026, for gasoline blended with 10% ethanol (15¢ at 15% ethanol). | All provinces | 7–18 |
| Cap-and-trade (SPEDE)Linked with California. CBC; ICAP. | Quebec | ~10 |
| Low Carbon Fuel StandardSurvived the April 2025 repeal of BC's carbon tax. Canadian Taxpayers Federation upper-end estimate. | British Columbia | ~18 |
| Industrial carbon price (OBPS)Prices only above-benchmark refinery emissions. No published per-litre pass-through. | Refineries, all provinces | not quantified |
Totals: 7–18¢/L in most provinces, 17–28¢ in Quebec, and 25–36¢ in British Columbia. The international tax-share chart counts statutory taxes only, because other countries' embedded fuel rules (US RFS, UK RTFO) cannot be rebuilt on the same basis.
Does western oil make western gas cheaper? No.
Crude is priced at world benchmarks and wholesale gasoline at continental rack prices, wherever the barrel was pumped. What differs between cities is added locally.
One province, three tax rates. BC charges a different fuel tax in Metro Vancouver, Greater Victoria, and the rest of the province.
Alberta is the strongest case for the intuition, and the numbers still point to tax. Alberta, the largest producer, has the cheapest gas in the country (155.4¢) and would stay cheapest at normal rates, with its 13¢ fuel tax and the federal excise restored (179.5¢, against 181.3¢ in Manitoba on the same basis). Before tax, though, a litre in Alberta costs 147.9¢, about the same as in Ontario (149.4¢) or Greater Montreal (147.7¢). The gap at the pump is tax.
Fuel tax: BC Ministry of Finance (Vancouver includes the 18.5¢ TransLink levy; Victoria the 5.5¢ BC Transit levy). Excludes the federal excise, relieved to 31 January 2027. Pump and before-tax prices: Kalibrate daily pump price survey, funded by the Government of Canada and published by Natural Resources Canada; rest of BC is the simple average of Abbotsford, Fort St. John, Kamloops, Kelowna, and Prince George. Bars start at zero.
Across the oil-producing democracies the tax share runs from about 12% (United States) to roughly 51% (Norway). Norway is the most oil-rich country in the set per capita yet has the most expensive gas in this group, because it taxes it heavily. Producing oil does not, by itself, make pump gas cheap.
The United States is the world's largest oil producer and its lowest-tax major economy, and it has the cheapest pump gas in this group (~CAD 1.57/L). A low-tax oil producer ends up with cheap gas. Canada and the US are the two North American producers; the gap between them is largely, though not only, tax.
Canada's structural tax share (~21% nationally) is the second-lowest among these producers, after the US. It sits below Norway, the UK, Brazil, and Australia, and every province and region except Greater Montreal also sits below Mexico. By international standards Canadian statutory fuel tax is light, and within this group Canada's pump price is competitive. One caveat: this counts statutory taxes only. Embedded carbon-policy costs are passed through inside the wholesale price. They are the federal Clean Fuel Regulations (7–18¢/L: the PBO's 2026 upper bound to analyst Dan McTeague's October 2026 estimate), Quebec's cap-and-trade (~10–11¢/L), and BC's Low Carbon Fuel Standard (~18¢/L, CTF upper end). The domestic breakdown below itemizes them. Counting the CFR alone puts Canada's national policy share at roughly 25–30%, and at the top of that range above Mexico's.
Canada suspended its federal excise on 23 April 2026 and, on 2 September 2026, extended the relief to 31 January 2027 (then 5¢/L until 31 March 2027). The consumer carbon charge was cancelled in April 2025. Alberta suspended its 13¢ fuel tax from 1 October and PEI its 8.47¢ from 26 September. Together these hold Canada's current tax share at ~17%. The elevated price level (a national average of 185.4¢/L on 14 October, 47.4¢ above a year earlier) is the Strait-of-Hormuz crude spike showing up at the pump, a cost every country shares, rather than a change in Canadian tax. Fuel tax in fact fell over the period.
Canada's average pump price of about $1.85 a litre (14 October 2026) sits 3rd-cheapest of seven oil-producing democracies, above only Brazil and the United States, with tax share the second-lowest in the group.
- Compared with
- Seven oil-producing democracies, including Canada, compared on retail pump price in CAD per litre.
- Where Canada sits
- At $1.854 a litre on 14 October 2026, Canada's national average is below Norway, the UK, Australia, and Mexico, and above Brazil and the United States. Its structural tax share of ~21% is second-lowest, after the US. By province and region the price runs from $1.554 in Alberta, where the provincial fuel tax is suspended, to $2.165 in Newfoundland and Labrador.
- Which way it is moving
- Mixed. The national average of 185.4¢/L on 14 October was about 4¢ below a week earlier but 47.4¢ above a year earlier. The page attributes the 2026 level to the Strait-of-Hormuz crude spike rather than tax.
- What the verdict follows
- Position in the peer set, on the national average. The provincial bars are shown as detail and do not set the verdict. The level is set mostly by world crude, and Canada's price sits in the middle band of the group while its tax share is near the low end. One place higher would be Strong. If Australia's post-cut price is used instead of its March reading, Canada would be 4th, still Watch.
- Data basis
- Kalibrate daily pump price survey, funded by the Government of Canada and published by Natural Resources Canada (14 October 2026), GlobalPetrolPrices via StatRanker (11 May 2026 snapshot), AAA, Tax Foundation, and national tax authorities, converted at 1 USD = 1.39 CAD. Page last reviewed October 2026 · Data current to 14 October 2026.
How the Canadian breakdown and calculator work
Two tools sit in this section. The doughnut is the national average on 14 October 2026 as the Kalibrate daily pump price survey, funded by the Government of Canada and published by Natural Resources Canada reports it: price 185.4¢/L, taxes 30.6¢, marketing (retail) margin 12.1¢, and refining margin 57.3¢ (the survey publishes the refining margin for the previous weekday). Crude is the remainder, 85.4¢. Gas-price analyst Dan McTeague's mid-October estimate, worked from the crude price, the exchange rate, and 159 litres to the barrel, is about 82¢, which is close. The Clean Fuel Regulations slice is carved out of the refining margin at either end of its 7–18¢ range. The calculator decomposes any pump price P. Sales tax embedded in the price is extracted as P × r / (1 + r), where r is the province's GST/HST/QST rate. Fixed fuel tax (federal excise plus provincial fuel tax, in cents per litre) is the rate in force in October 2026. With the 2026 relief applied, the 10¢/L federal excise is removed everywhere (the relief runs to 31 January 2027, then halves to 5¢/L until 31 March 2027), along with Alberta's suspended 13¢ and PEI's suspended 8.47¢. From the remainder, an embedded carbon-policy cost is carved out: Clean Fuel Regulations at 7 or 18¢/L in all provinces, plus ~10¢/L cap-and-trade in Quebec and ~18¢/L Low Carbon Fuel Standard in BC. Crude is then held at 85.4¢/L and refining and marketing is what remains. The tax figures are exact given the rates, and each rate matches the tax the survey implies for that province on 14 October, except Quebec outside Greater Montreal, where reduced regional rates pull the survey average to 16.8¢. The policy segment is an estimate (toggle it off to reproduce the statutory-only view). Two totals are reported: statutory tax, and statutory tax plus embedded policy cost.
How the international tax share is calculated
For each country: tax share = (excise per litre + VAT/GST portion) ÷ pump price per litre, with the VAT/GST portion computed as price × rate ÷ (1 + rate). Excise/duty figures are statutory per-litre rates (Tax Foundation for Europe; national tax authorities elsewhere) converted to USD. “Structural” shares use each country's normal rates; “2026” shares apply the temporary measures listed below. Figures are directional, not precise. Canada by province and region (October 2026). Canada is no longer shown as one bar. Each Canadian bar is the simple average of the Kalibrate daily pump price survey, funded by the Government of Canada and published by Natural Resources Canada markets in that province or region on 14 October 2026: British Columbia is split into Greater Vancouver, Victoria, and the rest of the province (Abbotsford, Fort St. John, Kamloops, Kelowna, and Prince George), because the three carry different fuel taxes. Quebec is split into Greater Montreal (Montréal, which carries the 3¢ ARTM transit tax) and the other nine Quebec markets. Toronto is counted once in Ontario (the survey lists Etobicoke, North York, and Scarborough separately as well). Yukon and the Northwest Territories are not charted. The tax in each bar is the survey's price minus its ex-tax price, so no rate schedule is assumed. The structural figure adds back the 10¢ federal excise, plus Alberta's 13¢ and PEI's 8.47¢ suspended fuel taxes, each grossed up by the province's sales-tax rate. The dashed line, and the verdict, use the survey's volume-weighted national average (185.4¢/L); its structural add-back includes the federal excise only. A checkbox above the chart swaps the regional bars for that single national figure. Earlier bases, kept for the record. Before October 2026 the page used one national figure: the June 2026 average (~CAD 1.70/L), then an end-August national snapshot (184.3¢/L). An earlier version had also derived Canada's price from the 95-RON figure scaled by 0.87, an octane rating misused as a price ratio; that was corrected in July 2026. The Ontario gasoline tax was corrected from 14.7¢ to the 9.0¢ in force in September 2026.
Embedded carbon-policy costs (CFR, Quebec cap-and-trade, BC LCFS, industrial carbon price) — how the striped segment works
Three carbon policies reach the pump without appearing as a tax line, because their compliance obligation falls on fuel suppliers and passes through inside the wholesale price: the federal Clean Fuel Regulations (SOR/2022-140, in force July 2023; carbon-intensity reduction requirement rises annually to 2030), Quebec's cap-and-trade system (SPEDE, WCI-linked), and BC's Low Carbon Fuel Standard (unaffected by BC's April 2025 carbon-tax repeal). The domestic breakdown and calculator itemize these as a separate striped “embedded carbon policy” segment, distinct from statutory tax; the international tax-share chart counts statutory taxes only — the same convention used for the comparator countries, whose own embedded fuel regulations (e.g. US RFS, UK RTFO) are likewise uncounted.
Rates used in the striped segment, all estimates and generally upper bounds. CFR: shown as a range, 7–18¢/L. The low end is the PBO's upper-bound estimate for 2026 (up to 17¢/L at full 2030 stringency; ECCC's own upper bound agrees at 17¢; Advanced Biofuels Canada's real-world estimate is ~9¢/L by 2030). The high end is gas-price analyst Dan McTeague's October 2026 estimate for gasoline blended with 10% ethanol, which he puts at 15¢/L for 15% ethanol. He worked it from carbon-credit prices. In July 2026 he had put the cost near 9¢/L; he says it has risen since. The page does not choose a point inside the range. PBO notes its estimates assume all credits trade at marginal cost. Quebec cap-and-trade: ~10¢/L at recent allowance prices (CBC; McTeague estimates 11¢; 2026 auction reserve CAD 26.47/t). BC LCFS: ~18¢/L — the CTF Gas Tax Honesty estimate; treat as the upper end, since BC LCFS credit prices fell from ~CAD 477 (Q1 2024) to ~CAD 274 (mid-2025) and no official per-litre figure is published.
Why the industrial carbon price (OBPS) is not in the segment. The federal output-based system (and provincial equivalents like Alberta's TIER) applies to refineries, but it prices only emissions above a benchmark set near sector-average intensity, roughly a tenth of refining emissions, rather than every litre produced. Government publishes no per-litre pass-through estimate (the CTF notes the same gap). Any figure we placed on it would be our own construction; given refining adds roughly 0.2 kg CO2e per litre, the priced-at-the-margin slice is plausibly well under 1¢/L today. It is disclosed here and excluded from the chart. If a credible published estimate appears, it belongs in the segment.
How the before-tax vs tax (CAD/L) view works
The dollar-terms view re-expresses the structural tax share in cents rather than percent: tax (CAD/L) = structural pump price × structural tax share, and before-tax cost = structural pump price − tax. For the Canadian regions and Norway the structural (pre-holiday) price is used so the split is on a consistent normal-rate basis; for Canada the before-tax cost is the survey's ex-tax price. The other five countries had no temporary cut affecting the reading (Australia's March reading pre-dates its April cut). Because it is derived from the same share estimates, this view inherits their “directional, not precise” status. Its purpose is legibility: before-tax costs cluster within a <2× band across the set, while the tax component spans roughly 10×.
Why the international price chart is directional, not a league table
Prices are single-day national averages from GlobalPetrolPrices (and AAA for the US), converted from USD to CAD at 1 USD = 1.39 CAD. The readings span March to August 2026 — a period of severe volatility, with US pump prices alone up ~54% since the war began. Three of the seven (Norway, the UK, and Mexico) share an 11 May 2026 snapshot. The United States is a 3 June reading, and Brazil and Australia are March readings. Canada is a 14 October 2026 reading from the Kalibrate daily pump price survey, funded by the Government of Canada and published by Natural Resources Canada, the latest available and up to seven months later than the others. Australia's March figure pre-dates its 1 April 2026 excise-and-GST cut of ~32¢/L, after which Australian pump prices fell below Canada's. Each bar's reading date shows when you hover over it.
A note on grade: figures use each country's most commonly used gasoline, but octane standards differ by region. North American “regular” is 87 AKI, while Europe's standard grade is 95 RON (roughly 91 AKI — a premium grade in North America). Canada and the US are shown at their regular grade; European figures are 95 RON, which is the regular grade sold there. Cross-grade comparisons are therefore approximate, and the Canadian figures (regular grade, 14 October 2026) are the basis used in the international charts. The doughnut uses the same national average; the calculator opens on Ontario's average (179.0¢/L) and resets to each region's 14 October average when you change region, because the tax rates it applies are provincial.
The non-democracy producers view (checkbox on the price chart)
The checkbox adds six of the world's top-ten oil producers that are not democracies: the UAE, China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Kuwait, all classified authoritarian by the EIU Democracy Index. Iraq, also a top-ten producer, is omitted because GlobalPetrolPrices publishes no series for it. Prices are GlobalPetrolPrices monthly values via Trading Economics (June 2026; Kuwait July, unchanged for years), converted at 1 USD = 1.39 CAD. That is a slightly later window than the democracies' Mar–Jun readings, so the same “directional, not a league table” discipline applies.
The gold dashed line marks the crude content of a litre (the red dashed line is Canada's national average): WTI at end-June (US$69.50/bbl, from Kalibrate's June 2026 Canadian Petroleum Price Snapshot) ÷ 159 L/bbl × 1.39 ≈ C$0.61/L. Iran and Kuwait price gasoline below that line, selling the litre for less than the crude in it is worth. That is why the view strengthens rather than dilutes Finding 1: among producers, policy sets the pump price in both directions, tax above the market in democracies, subsidy below it in petro-autocracies. Tax-share and before-tax views are not extended to these countries: subsidies and administered prices have no statutory-rate decomposition, and pretending otherwise would manufacture precision.
Producer ≠ net exporter. Membership in either group reflects top-tier gross production, not net trade position — a distinction raised in expert review (Dan McTeague). Australia is a heavy net petroleum importer (~79% of refined product consumption imported; ~15% of refinery feedstock domestic, 2020–21). The United States has been a net exporter of total petroleum (crude + products) since 2020, though it remains a net importer of crude specifically. Net trade position does not change the pump-price mechanics on this page: crude and wholesale gasoline are priced off world and continental markets either way.
What the faded bars show
On the price views, the solid bar is the price paid today and the faded extension is what a temporary 2026 fuel-tax holiday has removed, i.e. where the price would sit if that break were reversed. It is shown for every Canadian region (federal excise suspension, 10¢/L plus the sales tax on it: about 10.5–11.5¢; in Alberta also the suspended 13¢ fuel tax, and in PEI the suspended 8.47¢) and for Norway (road-usage-tax holiday, +~58¢ CAD/L, equivalent to the NOK 4.41/L the cut removed including VAT). No faded bar is shown for Australia, whose displayed March reading pre-dates the 1 April excise cut and so already reflects normal rates. Note the calendar: as of October 2026 Canada's relief is the only national one still running. Norway's holiday ended on 1 September 2026 and Australia's on 30 June 2026, so Norway's faded bar describes the state of its 11 May reading, not its policy today. Add-backs are estimates.
The 2026 temporary fuel-tax cuts
- Canada: federal excise (10¢/L) suspended from 23 Apr 2026. Originally to 7 Sep 2026; extended on 2 Sep 2026 — full 10¢/L relief to 31 Jan 2027, 5¢/L from 1 Feb to 31 Mar 2027, full rate restored 1 Apr 2027. Consumer carbon charge cancelled 1 Apr 2025 (had been ~17.6¢/L). Still in force.
- Alberta: provincial fuel tax (13¢/L) set to zero from 1 Oct 2026 under the Fuel Tax Relief Program, which suspends the tax when WTI averages US$90 or more. In force; end date set quarterly by the program.
- Prince Edward Island: provincial gasoline tax (8.47¢/L) suspended from 26 Sep 2026 to 31 Jan 2027, returning at half rate on 1 Feb and in full on 1 Apr 2027. In force.
- Norway: road-usage tax (NOK 3.77/L) set to zero 1 Apr–1 Sep 2026; CO2 tax (NOK 3.80/L) and 25% VAT remain. Lapsed — not extended; the road-usage tax returned on 1 Sep 2026 at NOK 4.71/L on petrol.
- Australia: fuel excise halved (52.6→20.6¢/L) plus state GST relief, ~32¢/L total, Apr–Jun 2026. Lapsed 30 Jun 2026.
Primary sources
- GlobalPetrolPrices via StatRanker — Countries by Gasoline Price 2026 (11 May 2026 snapshot)
- Trading Economics — Gasoline Prices country list (GlobalPetrolPrices-sourced)
- AAA — National & State Gas Price Averages
- Tax Foundation — Diesel and Gas Taxes in Europe, 2026
- Bank of Canada — What you pay for at the pump
- Natural Resources Canada — Fuel Consumption Levies in Canada
- Canadian Fuels Association — Gasoline Prices (price components)
- Natural Resources Canada — Fuel price monitoring and Kalibrate daily pump price survey, funded by the Government of Canada and published by Natural Resources Canada (price, margin, and tax data) — basis for the domestic west-vs-east callout (wholesale gasoline priced off continental rack/spot markets; interprovincial differences driven by taxes, margins, transport, refining capacity).
- PMO — Carney suspends the federal fuel excise tax (14 Apr 2026)
- Norwegian Tax Administration — Road-usage tax on fuel
- Australian Government — Fuel excise relief measures from 1 April 2026
- Kalibrate daily pump price survey, funded by the Government of Canada and published by Natural Resources Canada — current basis for every Canadian figure: regular-gasoline price and ex-tax price for 77 markets, and the volume-weighted Canada average (185.4¢/L), 14 October 2026. Margins and taxes from the survey's margins and taxes chart (Canada volume-weighted: taxes 30.6¢, marketing margin 12.1¢, refining margin 57.3¢). Same survey on Natural Resources Canada's fuel price pages.
- Government of Alberta — Fuel tax and Fuel Tax Relief Program (13¢/L rate; suspension when WTI ≥ US$90) and Canadian Press via BNN Bloomberg — PEI joins Alberta with fuel tax break (26 Sep 2026) (PEI 8.47¢/L suspended to 31 Jan 2027; Alberta to zero from 1 Oct), corroborated by PEI's Island Regulatory and Appeals Commission price schedule (provincial tax 0.00, effective 10 Oct 2026).
- Canada Revenue Agency — GST/HST rates by province and Revenu Québec — Calculating the GST and QST (QST charged on the price before GST).
- Finance Canada — Extension of the federal fuel excise tax relief (2 September 2026) — full 10¢/L suspension to 31 January 2027, 5¢/L from 1 February to 31 March 2027, full rate restored 1 April 2027.
- 2026 Ontario Budget, Chapter 1B — Ontario Gasoline Tax permanently cut by 5.7¢/L to 9.0¢/L effective 1 July 2025 (basis for the September 2026 rate correction).
- ECCC — Clean Fuel Regulations and PBO — A Distributional Analysis of the Clean Fuel Regulations (upper-bound: up to 7¢/L in 2026 and 17¢/L on gasoline by 2030; per-litre 2026 figure via CTF citing the PBO analysis).
- CTF — New Year's Tax Changes 2026 (BC LCFS ~18¢/L, Gas Tax Honesty estimate; notes government publishes no per-litre cost for the industrial carbon price) and ECCC — Output-Based Pricing System (industrial carbon price; disclosed, not charted).
- ICAP — Québec Cap-and-Trade System (SPEDE) and CBC — Quebec's carbon price at the pump (~10¢/L).
- Province of BC — Low Carbon Fuel Standard requirements and BC Gov News — B.C. eliminates carbon tax (April 2025).
- Province of BC — Motor fuel tax rates (18.5¢/L TransLink levy; 27¢/L total provincial in Metro Vancouver) and CAA-Quebec — Gasoline price components (3¢/L ARTM transit tax, Greater Montreal).
- Trading Economics — Gasoline prices, country pages (GlobalPetrolPrices-sourced) — basis for the six non-democracy producer prices (UAE, China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait; Jun–Jul 2026 monthly values).
- EIU Democracy Index (via Our World in Data) — regime classification for the non-democracy producers (all six: authoritarian).
- EIA — US net petroleum trade (net exporter of total petroleum since 2020; net crude importer) and Geoscience Australia / energy.gov.au — Australia's oil trade (~79% of refined product consumption imported) — basis for the producer-vs-net-exporter note.
- Dan McTeague, gas-price analyst: July 2026 review (the Clean Fuel Regulations omission, provincial carbon schemes, transit levies, the June price basis, and the producer-vs-net-exporter distinction) and October 2026 call (CFR 15–18¢/L by ethanol blend, crude ~82¢/L, and the case for a provincial breakdown). Figures attributed to him are his estimates.
